Hello everyone!

On our 5^th day of orientation period, Dr.B.S.Walia taught us about soil investigation.

Site Investigation is the process of collecting information, assessment of the data and reporting potential hazards beneath a site which are unknown.

Purpose for site investigation-

• To find bearing capacity of soil
• To find the ground water table
• To find the nature of the strata
• To find physical properties of soil
• To select the construction technique.

STANDARD PENETERATION TEST

It is the most commonly used in-situ test for cohesionless soils.

Procedure-

• The test is conducted in a bore hole using standard split spoon sampler
• After drilling, the sampler is placed inside the bore hole.
• By means of a drop hammer of 63.5kg mass falling through a height of 750mm at the rate of 30 blows per minute, the sampler is driven into the soil.
• The number of blows of hammer required to drive a depth  of 150mm is counted
• Further it is driven by 150 mm and the blows are counted.
• Similarly, the sampler is once again further driven by 150mm and the number of blows recorded.
•  The number of blows recorded for the first 150mm not taken into consideration..
•  The number of blows recorded for last two 150mm intervals are added to give the standard penetration number (N)

Corrections in Standard Penetration Test-

1. Dilatancy correction
2. Overburden Pressure correction

HOW TO MAKE BORE HOLE LOG CHART

DEPTH BELOW G.L.. IN M	TYPE OF SOIL	BORE HOLE LOG	LL %	PI %	BULK DENSITY	WATER CONTENT %	GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION	C (Kg/m3)	Ø	N	GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF ‘N’
							% GRAVEL	% SAND	% SILT	% CLAY

Hello everyone!

On our 4^th day of Orientation period, Dr. Jagbir singh taught us about Concrete technology and design mix.

Concrete is a mixture of cement , fine aggregate , course aggregate  and water. Portland cement is the most common type of cement used in production of concrete. Concrete technology deals wih the study of the property of concrete.

Most common types of concrete

• Plain or ordinary concrete
• Reinforced concrete
• Prestressed concrete
• Precast concrete
• Asphalt concrete
• Lime concrete

Composition of concrete–

1. Cement
2. Fine aggregate
3. Course aggregate
4. Water

CEMENT

• Cement is a binder which is composed of calcareous and argillaceous materials and essentially binds fine aggregate and course aggregate together in concrete
• Cement composition
• Lime (CaO)
• Silica(SiO₂)
• Alumina(Al₂O₃)
• Iron Oxide(Fe₂O₃)

AGGREGATES

• Aggregate includes crushed stones , gravels maybe natural ; manufactured or recycled.Aggregate may take may take 60-80% of concrete mix and provide bulk and compressive strength to concrete.

• Fine aggregate are usually sand i.e size between 75µ to 4.75mm
• Coarse aggregate are usually gravels i.e size greater than 4.75mm 

DESIGN MIX

Design mix is process of selection of suitable ingredient and determine their relative properties to

• Specified compressive strength
• Specified workability
• Durability
• Economy

Data required for Design Mix Concrete.

1. Type of cement.
2. Maximum nominal size if aggregates.
3. Min cement content.
4. Maximum cement content.
5. Maximum water-cement ratio.
6. Workability.
7. Exposed conditions.
8. Method of concrete placing.
9. Type of aggregates.
10. Type of chemical admixture used.

Test required for different materials.

1. Specific gravity of Cement.
2. Specific gravity of Fine Aggregates.
3. Specific gravity of Coarse Aggregates.
4. Specific gravity of Chemical Admixtures.
5. Water absorption of Fine Aggregates.
6. Water absorption of Coarse Aggregates.
7. Free moisture of Fine Aggregates.
8. Free moisture of Coarse Aggregates.
9. Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates.
10. Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates.

Procedure for Mix Design(as per IS-10262 2009).

1. Determine the physical proprieties of concrete ingredients.
2. Compute the mean target strength for 28-days ft = fck + 1.65S, where S is the standard deviation and fck is characteristic compressive strength. Select the water-cement ratio of trail mix from table 5 of IS 456: 2000.
3. Select the water-cement ratio of trail mix from table 5 of IS 456: 2000.
4. Select the water content, for the required workability and maximum size of aggregates from table 2 of IS 10262:2009.
5. Compute cement content per cubic meter concrete and check it with permissible limits.
6. Compute proportion of Vol. Of coarse aggregates and fine aggregates using table 3 and clause 4.4 of IS 10262:2009.
7. Measure the slump and adjust the water content and amount of admixture.
8. Carry out two more trails with 10% variation of water content ratio.
9. Plot a graph between three water content ratios and their corresponding 28 days strength. Use this graph to decide the proportion that fulfills target strength.

Hello everyone!

On our 3^rd  day of the orientation period, Professor Prashant Garg taught us about different types of pavement.

Pavement are designed and constructed so that vehicles are able to move at designed speed without causing discomfort to users and remains stable. A pavement mainly consists different layers laying on the subgrade.

Requirements of road pavement-

• Sufficient thickness should be provided to distribute the wheel load stresses.
• Sufficient strong to withstand stresses.
• Produces less noise from moving vehicles.
• Long design life.
• Less maintenance cost.

TYPES OF PAVEMENT LAYER

• FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT – Pavements which have negligible or low flextural strength. The vertical compressive stress is maximum on the pavement surface directly under the wheel load and is equal to the contact pressure under the wheel. Flexible pavement layers distribute the compressive stresses to a larger area in the shape of truncated cone; the compressive stresses get decreased at the lower layers.
• RIGID PAVEMENT– Rigid pavement are those which possess north worthy flexural strength or flexural rigidity. High quality plain cement meant for the pavement, generally called ‘Pavement quality concrete’. The rigid pavement transfer load by ‘slab action’ and is capable of transmitting the wheel load by much wider area below pavement layer.
• SEMI RIGID – Bonded materials like the ‘pozzolanic concrete’, lean cement concrete is used in the sub base course of the pavement layer. The bonded materials have significant flexural strength but less than cc pavement.
• Interlocking cement concrete block pavement – Interlocking cement concrete block pavement (ICBP) consists of a layer of cement concrete paver blocks of specified shape, size, properly laid over a well compacted soil subgrade, sub base or base course. The gap between the paver blocks are filled with sand.

Comparison of flexible and rigid pavements

• Flexural pavement are generally designed and constructed for a design life of 15 years while cc pavement designed and constructed for a design life of 30 years or more.
• A ‘standard design wheel load’ is made use for flexible pavement design and design of CC pavement is carried out by fatigue analysis.
• The flexible pavement layers get deteriorated when exposed to stagnant water due to poor drainage while CC pavements do not get deteriorated under wet weather conditions.
• The life cycle cost of flexible pavement is costlier for flexible than rigid pavement.
• Night visibility of flexible pavement is very poor and good night visibility even in wet condition in CC pavement.
• The curing period for flexible pavement course is less and open to traffic within 24 hours and major disadvantage of of CC pavement it require long curing period and open to traffic after 28 days.

Hello everyone!

On our 2nd day of the orientation period, Professor Charanjeet Singh told us about what to do in our industrial training.

Industrial training regulations-

• Student should maintain a daily diary to record the day to day activities.
• Student should write a Industrial training report.
• At the end, every student will present an Industrial Training Report, Daily Diary and a Power point Presentation.
• Every student must attend 4.5 months training period over a site or office.

Things to do during training-

• Observe the different activities carefully.
• Ask questions about each activity.
• Take photographs of each activity.
• Be critical about your observations.
• Be polite to everyone.

Hello everyone!

I am Jaskiran Kaur, final year student from Guru Nanak Dev Engineering college pursuing B.tech in Civil Engineering. I am really excited for my industrial training. I am looking forward for my 6 months industrial training for which I decided to join Training and Consultancy Cell under guidance of Dr. H.S.Rai sir. 

Before industrial training, orientation classes were held for 2 weeks in which we get chance to communicate with expertise to enlighten about the Industry and their activities.

On our first day, some experts shared theirs experiences and views and also told us difference between the college life and corporate world as given below-

• Metamorphosis from college to corporate

Metamorphosis means the process of transformation from one stage to another. It’s time fortransformation from College stage to corporate stage which is in-short called C2C.In which expert told a short story between a little boy and caterpillar. He explained how a caterpillar goes through metamorphosis process before transforming to a beautiful butterfly, which is very similar to human life that how life changes from one phase to another like we are going from this college to corporate world. He also explained that struggle is part of life, one should face every phase of life single handedly like in this story when butterfly was struggling to come out, little boy got concerned and helped her by snipping the cocoon so the butterfly came out, due to this butterfly was never able to fly.

• How to make the best use of industrial training?

This lecture was delivered by Mr. Jagdev Singh, an ex-scientist at DRDO & ISRO and motivated us do our best in this training period and gain as much knowledge as we can.

• Observe the activities carefully and ask questions.
• Dress according to their work culture.
• Be punctual and maintain daily dairy to note down important notes.
• Be polite to everyone
• Communicate with everyone and maintain good relations.